900 of these are strictly hadith collections, forming GK’s core dataset. GK has digitized 1,400 sources, including published books and manuscripts. The source for our data is the Gawāmiʿ al-Kalim ( GK) hadith software, 8 created by a team that was supported by the Qatar’s General Directorate of Endowments ( al-Idārat al-ʿĀmma liʾl-Awqāf) and the website. Yet, given the vastness and complexity of the hadith literature, it is no surprise that such mistakes were made frequently, not only by the creators of the digital corpora on which historians increasingly depend and by editors of printed editions, but also by premodern hadith collectors and transmitters. 2 However, they are at least partly dependent on the absence of egregious inadvertent errors-mistakes such as the unintentional replacement of one name with another. These analytical methods do not take the isnāds at face-value as accurate records of a report’s transmission history they are often able to distinguish back-projections from plausible attributions to sources. Most of these methods rely on analyzing the chain of names, isnād, found at the beginning of each hadith that purports to give the sequence of the people who transmitted it until it reached the premodern collector in whose book the report is found. Historians have long used a variety of methods to determine the dates and the geographical origins of the reports about the important events and persons of early Islam that constitute our main source for writing history-namely the āthār and the subset of the āthār about the Prophet Muhammad, called hadiths.
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